CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General background
Managing waste is one of the greatest challenges facing the entire human race, there are different kinds of waste but all can be traced down to take their respective source from human activities. (Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, New 8th Edition) waste are unwanted or useless materials or substance produced while making something else; And also when the product is no more in use and ready to be disposed, it is regarded to as waste. These wastes on or before disposal have nothing to contribute to the environment than constituting nuisance and leading to pollution.
Reuse of waste materials is a waste minimization strategy which includes reclaim activities, Horward (1987); Collins (1993). waste materials can be used directly or recycled to produce the same or another product, this has benefit in not only reducing the amount of waste material requiring disposal, but can produce production materials with significant saving over the new ones Robin (2002); USEPA (2003); Ibhadode (2004).
Of interest is solid waste as it is the most occurring of all waste type in that it occurs from individual or domestic, industrial and agricultural activities. The domestic waste which are gotten from our day to day activities lump up on gathering or collection and except they are ready to be recycled, constitutes only nuisance and affect the heal thy living of the residents of the environment. Local ways of destroying or reducing wastes such as outside burning result into air pollution.
Of interest is solid waste as it is the most occurring of all waste type in that it occurs from individual or domestic, industrial and agricultural activities. The domestic waste which are gotten from our day to day activities lump up on gathering or collection and except they are ready to be recycled, constitutes only nuisance and affect the heal thy living of the residents of the environment. Local ways of destroying or reducing wastes such as outside burning result into air pollution.
Hence there is the need to employ very safe ways of managing these wastes to make the environment healthy for living. Recycling is a very good approach to waste reduction but over the years, it is found out that during recycling, 40% of the wastes to be recycled still find themselves to be non-recyclables, [i.e. a lot of these wastes still remain in the waste stream] Robin (2002).
Waste paper comes from various sources such as news papers, office and printing paper, each has a different fibre quality, and mixing all these paper of different qualities will reduce the purity of the highest quality fibre. The quality of the waste determines the end quality of the recycled paper. Therefore, an investigation concerning the potential of the different re-pulped waste paper types as construction materials is essential in order to gain an insight into their behavior and properties Vachira (2012).
Various researchers have made several findings and revealed that instead of waste paper constituting nuisance to the environment, they are useful in construction materials replacement such as in concrete, solid blocks, and ceiling boards and also to act as insulators in buildings. Modry (2001) developed hollow block using recycled paper similar to using expanded slate as an aggregate. Decard et al (2001) studied the response of recycled paper waste concrete and concluded that it has softer response to higher damping and energy absorption. Manuel (2002) found out that it is an environmental friendly material due to the significant recyclable content of waste paper content. Therefore, an investigation into the use of waste paper as an alternative to building materials would solve problems concerning the quality and affordability of building materials and simultaneously improve the associated environmental concerns
It is on this ground that this research work is now targeted at producing ceiling boards with waste paper and the integrity of the product tested.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
It follows therefore that ceiling board will only become a quality material for building construction when the materials are properly source and selected as well as when it is manufactured under a regulated standard and practice procedure. Ceiling board materials i.e asbestos are known to be hazardous to health which can lead to death of the occupants. This is as a result of the chemical composition. Also the cost of ceiling board is high for example PVC.
In an attempt to counter this problem, solid waste i.e newspaper which is available in large quantity and can lead to environmental pollution is thereby adopted as raw materials for the production of ceiling board material. Paper seems to be the most common as it is involved in many areas such as stationeries, cartons for packing, hand bills, posters materials are examples of papers that can be recycled.
1.3 Research question
1. What is the proper mix of the production of ceiling board?
2. What are the engineering properties of paper waste ceiling board through water absorption, disintegration and fire resistance test?
3. Does paper ceiling board has the same fire resistance with asbestos ceiling board, PVC and paper particle?
1.4 Aim of the study
To produce ceiling boards with the use of waste papers and to determine the characteristics and properties of the products through various tests.
1.5 Objectives of the study
1 To determine the most suitable mix ratio for the paper waste ceiling board.
2 To evaluate the engineering properties of ceiling board through water absorption,
disintegration and fire resistance test?
3. To determine the fire resistance of paper ceiling board with asbestos ceiling board, PVC and paper particle.
1.6 Significant of the study
As a result of the high cost and non-availability of construction materials and also importantly the environmental pollution caused by waste newspaper, the latter is adopted in the production of ceiling board for construction materials hence, ensuring economy and a safe environment.
1.7 Scope of the study
The scope of the study is to produce ceiling boards from waste papers and to test for the mechanical properties of the ceiling boards
1.8 Definition of terms
1. Waste : This refers to unwanted materials or items, remains, by products or household garbage
2. Recycling: collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and it in new products.
3. Paper: thin sheet of compressed vegetable cellulose fibres. Paper is used for writing and printing, for wrapping and packaging, and for varieties of special purposes ranging from filtration of precipitates from solution to the manufacture of certain types of building materials. Paper is a necessity in modern civilization, and the development of machinery for its high-speed production has been largely responsible for the increase in literacy and the raising of educational levels of people throughout the world.
4. Synthetic fibre paper: in 1955 paper were prepared from nylon, Dacron, and orlon fibres, and from blends of these fibres with wood pulp. Such paper are produced on conventional papermaking machinery and can be made with a wide range of appearances and characteristics, from crisp stock resembling ordinary paper to droppable, fabric like materials. Because of their unique properties, synthetic-fibre paper have many application for which ordinary paper is unsuitable, notably as electrical insulation, filtration material in air-conditioning equipment, electrical tapes for sound recording, shoe fabrics and interlining in clothing.
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