BUIL12 - INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE STRENGTH USING RICE HUSK ASH AND SAW DUST ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT

                                               CHAPTER ONE

1.0              INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of Study

Concrete is a composite materials consist of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concrete used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concrete made with other hydraulic cements, such as cement fondi.

Supplementary cementitous materials have been proven to be effective in meeting most of the requirements of durable  concrete  and  blended  cements  are  now  used  in  many  parts  of  the  world  (Bakar,  Putrajaya,  and Abdulaziz,  2010).  Various  research  works  have  been  carried  out  on  the  binary  blends  of  Ordinary  Portland Cement  with  different  pozzolans  in  making  cement  composites  (Adewuyi  and  Ola,  2005;  De  Sensale,  2006; Saraswathy and Song, 2007; Ettu et al. 2013).
Industrial waste pozzolanas such as Fly ash (FA) and Silica Fume (SF) are already widely used in many countries and attempts have also been made to produce and use Pozzolan rice Husk Ash (RHA) commercially in some countries (Cisse and  Laquerbe, 2000). Mehta and  Pirth (2000) investigated  the  use of  RHA to reduce temperature in high strength mass concrete and got result showing that RHA is very effective in reducing the temperature of mass concrete compared to OPC concrete. Malhotra  and Mehta (2004) later reported that ground RHA with finer particle size than OPC improves concrete properties, including that higher substitution amounts results  in  lower  water  absorption  values  and  the  addition  of RHA  causes  an  increment  in  the  compressive strength.  Cordeiro, Filho and Fairbarn (2009) in thier elaborate studies of Brazilian RHA and Rice  Straw Ash (RSA) demonstrated that grinding increases the pozzolanicity of RHA and that high strength of RHA, RSA concrete  makes production of blocks with good bearing strength in a rural setting possible. The study showed that combination of RHA or RSA  with  lime produces  a  weak  cementitous  material  which  could however  be  used  to  stabilize  laterite  and  improve  the  bearing  strength  of  the  material.  Habeeb  and  Fayyadh (2009) investigated the influence of RHA average particle size on the properties of concrete and found out that at early ages the strength was comparable, while at the age of 28 days, finer RHA exhibited higher strength than the sample with coarser RHA. Rukzon, Chindaprasirt and Mahachai (2009) further studied the effect of grinding on the chemical and physical properties of rice husk ash and the effect of RHA fineness on properties of mortar and found that pozzolans with finer particles had greater pozzolanic reaction. A number of researchers have also worked  on  sawdust  ash  and  found  that  it  could  be  used  in  binary  combination  with  OPC  to  improve  the properties of cement composites (Elinwa, Ejeh and Mamuda, 2008; Elinwa and Abdulkadir, 2011; Raheem et al. 2012).

Some researchers have proceeded to investigate the possibility of ternary blended cement systems in order to further reduce the quantity of OPC in blended cements. Rukzon and Chindaprasirt (2006) investigated the strength development of mortars made with ternary blends of OPC, ground RHA and classified fly ash (FA). The  results  showed  that  the  strength  at  the  age  of  28  and  90  days  of  the  binary  blended  cement  mortar containing 10 and 20% RHA were slightly  higher than those  of the control, but less than those of FA.  Ternary blended cement mixes with 70% OPC and 30% of combined FA and RHA produced strengths similar to that of the control.  The  researchers  concluded  that  30%  of  OPC  could  be  replaced  with  combined  FA  and  RHA pozzolen without  significantly lowering  the strength  of  the  mixes.

This work will investigate the compressive strength of chemical blended cement concrete  containing Saw  Dust  Ash and Rice  Husk  Ash. The successful utilization of saw dust ash and rice husk ash in ternary combination with OPC for making concrete would further add  value to these wastes and reduce the volume of OPC currently required for civil engineering and building works.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

            There is dare need to promote building capabilities by adopting materials that are economical and accessible other than conventional materials that are somewhat expensisve and becoming exploitatively difficult as they pose environmental damage to lands.

            Cement, a typical example need to be replaced, among many substitutes is being thought to be replaced by Rice Husk Hash (RHA) and Saw Dust Ash (SDA) by this value is been added to these wastes and reduce the volume of OPC currently required for civil engineering and building works.

1.3 Research Questions

a.         What proportion of the blend of RHA & SDA provide optimum result for the replacement of cement?

b.         Does the blend of RHA & SDA has a pozzolonaic property for cement replacement in concrete?

1.4 Aims and Objectives

            The aim of this work is to investigate the strength and properties of blended cement concrete Containing Rice Hush Ash (RHA) and Saw Dust Ash (SDA):

a.       To determine the best proportional replacement of cement with RHA & SDA that gives optimum strength

b.      To determine the workability of various replacement proportion of RHA and SDA

1.5 Scope of Work

            The sated scope of this study is to determine the needed proportion of cement with Rice Hush Ash (RHA) and Saw Dust Ash (SDA) and to ensure that the needed workability of the replacement of cement is adequately done as expected.

1.6 Significance of Study

            Globally today, research works are being carried out daily on civil engineering and building works to make standard of living appreciable. Notably, in this part of the world, specifically in Nigeria there is apparently need to substitute our conventional building materials with materials that are economically accessible and environmentally friendly.

1.7 Methodology

          This research work is experimental based

1.7.1  Materials

1.      Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

2.      Saw Dust Ash (SDA)

3.      Fine Aggregate

4.      Cement

5.      Water

6.      Batching and mixing of materials

7.      Concrete Mix Design

8.      Casting of samples

9.      Testing of samples

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